Quartz is one of the most common minerals found in the Earths crust.If pure, quartz forms colorless, transparent and very hard crystals with a glasslike luster.A. Geology Glossary Definitions of geological terminology.Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure.The Greek derivation of the word.Earth, but since the beginning of the space age.Mars and the Moon.Geological analysis relies mainly on chemistry, physics and mathematics.See the Chemical Glossary.A aa lava basaltic lava characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker.A horizon The uppermost layer of a soil, containing organic material and leached minerals.The ocean floor offshore from the continental margin, usually very flat with a slight slope.To add terranes small land masses or pieces of crust to another, usually larger, land mass.A geological modification, such as sand dunes or erosion, caused by wind activity.Derived from Aeolus, the Greek God of wind.See eon. age A unit of geological time shorter than an epoch.A layered communal growth of algae observed in fossils and in present day tidal zones associated with carbonate sedimentation.A strongly basic metal like potassium or sodium.Term pertaining to a highly basic, as opposed to acidic, substance.For example, hydroxide or carbonate of sodium or potassium.Refers to something formed elsewhere than its present location.Antonym of autochthonous.An alluvial fan is a triangular shaped deposit of sediment at the point.Sediment of sorted or unconsolidated sand, gravel, and clay that has been deposited by flowing water.A fossilized resin from a coniferous tree that sometimes contains entrapped and preserved insects.Si. O4 tetrahedra, linked at the vertices and generally containing ions of iron andor magnesium in their structures.Chemical compositions of amphibole minerals.Mg,Fe7. Si. 8O2. OH2.Fe. 2Mg. 5Si. O2.OH2. Ca. 2Mg. Si.O2. 2OH2. Ca. Mg,Fe5.Si. 8O2. OH2. Ca,Na2 3Mg,Fe,Al5.Si. 6Al,Si2. O2. OH2.Na. 2Mg. 3Al. Si.O2. 2OH2. riebeckite asbestos.Na. 2Fe. 23. Fe. Si.O2. 2OH2. Na. Fe,Mg4.Fe. Si. 8O2. OH2andesite Igneous volcanic rock 6.Si. O2, less mafic than basalt, but more mafic than dacite rough volcanic equivalent of diorite.The steepest slope angle in which particular sediment will lie without cascading down.A length of 1. 0 1.Its symbol is the Swedish letter.An unconformity in which the bedding planes of the rocks above and below are not parallel.Chemically Active Fluids Causing Metamorphism Of Limestone' title='Chemically Active Fluids Causing Metamorphism Of Limestone' />An igneous rock predominantly composed of plagioclase feldspar 9.Anorthosites constitute the light colored areas of the Moons surface.The most highly metamorphosed form of coal, containing 9.It is black, hard, and glassy.A fold of rock layers with a convex shape pointing upwards.Antonym of syncline.An igneous rock in which the matrix grains are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.Opposite of phaneritic.A permeable formation that stores and transmits groundwater in sufficient quantity to supply wells.A group of islands an expanse of water with scattered islands.An eon of geologic time extending from about 3.Derived from the Greek archaios meaning ancient.The Archean eon is divided into.Eoarchean, Paleoarchean, Mesoarchean, and Neoarchean.A variety of sandstone containing abundant feldspar and quartz, frequently in angular, poorly sorted grains.A steep sided and flat bottomed gully in an arid region that is occupied by a stream only intermittently, after rains.A well that penetrates an impermeable layer of rock to reach an aquifer containing water under pressure.Thus water in the well rises above the surrounding water table.A dark bituminous substance found in natural beds.Residue from petroleum distillation.The highly viscous, mechanically weak region of the upper mantle of the Earth that.A circular erosional feature that has been ascribed to the impact of a meteorite or comet.A unit of pressure equal to 1.A continuous or broken circle of coral reef and low coral islands surrounding a central lagoon.Refers to something formed in its present location.Chemically Active Fluids Causing Metamorphism Of Limestone' title='Chemically Active Fluids Causing Metamorphism Of Limestone' />Antonym of allochthonous.B backwash The return flow of water down a beach after a wave has broken.Rock consisting of alternating light and dark layers of iron rich chert hematite and limonite formed approximately 3,8.The land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake.The height of water in a stream that just corresponds to the level of the surrounding floodplain.A unit of pressure equal to 1.An accumulation of sediment, usually sandy, which forms at the borders or in the channels of streams or offshore from a beach.A crescent shaped sand dune moving across a clean surface with its convex face upwind and its concave slip face downwind.An elongated lens of sand deposited during the growth of a distributary in a delta.The bar at the distributary mouth is the growing segment of the bar finger.A long, narrow island parallel to the shore, composed of sand and built by wave action.A fine grained, dark, mafic igneous rock 5.Si. O2 composed largely.The level below which a stream cannot erode usually sea level sometimes locally the level of a lake or resistant formation.The oldest rocks recognized in a given area, a complex of metamorphic and igneous rocks that underlies all the sedimentary formations.Usually Precambrian or Paleozoic in age.Any igneous rock containing mafic minerals rich in iron and magnesium, but containing no quartz and little sodium rich plagioclase feldspar.A large depression in which sediments are accumulated, or a tectonic circular, syncline like depression of strata.A large emplacement of igneous intrusive rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earths crust.The Half Dome formation in Yosemite National Park is part of the Sierra Nevada batholith.The study and mapping of sea floor topography.A rock composed primarily of hydrous aluminum oxides and formed by weathering in tropical areas with good drainage a major ore of aluminum.A characteristic of sedimentary rocks in which parallel planar surfaces separating different grain sizes or compositions indicate successive depositional surfaces that existed at the time of sedimentation.The sediment that a stream moves along the bottom of its channel by rolling and bouncing.A mass of floating or stationary ice.Beta particle An electron emitted with high energy and velocity from an atomic nucleus undergoing radioactive decay.The general term referring to the rock underlying other unconsolidated material, i.B horizon The intermediate layer in a soil, situated below the A horizon and consisting of clays and oxides.Also called the zone of accumulation.A sediment, especially of limestone or iron, formed from elements extracted from seawater by living organisms.The study of rock layers e.A dark colored phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group, with the.KMg,Fe3. Al. Si. O1.F,OH2. biostratinomy The study of what happens between the death of an organism and burial.Part of taphonomy.The disturbance of sediment by organisms, e.A soft coal formed by an intermediate degree of metamorphism and containing 1.The most common grade of coal.A structure formed when the crust is divided into blocks of different elevation by a set of normal faults.A shallow circular or elliptical depression in sand or dry soil formed by wind erosion.A sudden escape of a confined gas or liquid, as from a well.Metamorphic rock formed under great pressures, but not so great temperatures.In arid regions, a basin filled with alluvium and intermittent playa lakes and having no outlet.Bowens Reaction Series The order of crystallization of common silicate minerals that.Named after Canadian experimental petrologist Norman L.Bowen 1. 88. 7 1.Slightly salty. breccia Rock composed of broken fragments of minerals cemented together by a fine grained matrix, that can be either similar to or different from the composition of the fragments.Compare with conglomerate.A steep sided and flat topped hill formed by erosion of flat laying strata where remnants of a resistant layer protect the softer rocks underneath.C calcareous Term used to describe a structure, secreted by an organism, that consists of or contains calcium carbonate Ca.CO3, such as a seashell.A mineral consisting of calcium carbonate Ca.CO3 whose crystals have a double image refraction property.A large, circular depression in a volcanic terrain, typically originating from collapse, explosion or erosion of a volcanic dome.The first period 5.Paleozoic Era, during which most modern animal phyla developed.CHAPTER 1. 0 STUDY GUIDESummary of the Chapter.All landforms are composed of rocks or.Three main types of rocks.Earths surface igneous.The rock cycle is a model.The rock cycle suggests.This model also. suggests that all rock types can be melted back into.Time has a unique meaning.To a geoscientist time is not measured.Each one of these units measures time according.Earth history. When a geoscientist.Cretaceous we know that this is a time.Uniformitarianism is an important theory.This theory suggests that the continuing uniformity.Earth. It rejects the idea.Earth is the result of catastrophic.Three types of rocks are recognized by.Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of magma.This solidification can occur at or beneath the Earths.Sedimentary rocks develop from the lithification.Two general categories.Metamorphic rocks are created by the alteration of.Most rocks are composed.The minerals that make up.Minerals. are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have.Geologists. have discovered more than 2.The various types of minerals have been classified.Igneous rocks are produced by the crystallization.This process can occur at the Earths surface.The type of igneous rocks that.Four basic types of magma have been.This classification is based.Felsic magma contains relatively high.Its solidification produces granite, dacite, rhyolite.Each of these rocks has a unique.Mafic magma is rich in calcium, iron.The rocks that are created from this magma.These rocks are dominated.Intermediate magma produces andesite.These rocks contain less silica between.Dominant minerals in these rocks include.Ultramafic igneous.Peridotite is. the most common ultramafic rock.The Bowen reaction series is a model.In this model, the formation.Three different types of sedimentary.Most sedimentary rocks are of the clastic.These rocks are formed by the lithification of.Examples of clastic sedimentary.Identification. of clastic sedimentary rocks is based on sediment particle.The other two types of sedimentary rocks.The first group of non clastic.Common precipitated sedimentary rocks include.The second group of non clastic sedimentary.Some examples of these rocks are limestone.Metamorphic rocks are created by the.This alteration may cause simple chemical changes.Some common metamorphic rocks include slate.Heat begins to metamorphically.Celsius. Heat can be applied to rocks through two processes.Another. name for this process is called thermal metamorphism.Pressure alters rocks primarily.Pressure usually acts.Pressure can be exerted on rocks.Another. name for this process is called dynamic metamorphism.The alteration of rocks.When water and carbon.Another name for this process is called.Internally the Earth is made up of several.Above the outer core is the mantle.A number of different layers have been discovered in.On top of the mantle is the lithosphere.The surface of this layer is called the crust.Through deep drilling and seismic evidence.Earth. Structurally, the Earth is composed of a number.The outer most layer is called.The crust. is a cool, rigid, and brittle layer.Two types of crust.At the center. of the Earth is the core, which is approximately 7.One interesting property of.This process is called isostacy.The core consists of two sub layers.These. two layers are made of the same materials but exhibit.The inner core. composed of nickel and iron and approximately 1.Surrounding the solid inner.This. layer has a thickness of about 2.Sitting on top of the core is the mantle.It is also composed of several different sub layers.The upper mantle exists from the base of the crust.It is. thought to be composed of peridotite.Below the upper. mantle is the lower mantle that extends from 6.Earths surface. This layer.The top 1. 00 to 2.One other layer often described by geologists.The lithosphere consists of the.This. layer glides over the rest of the upper mantle.The theory of plate tectonics is another.Essentially, the.Earths outer crust is composed.This. idea has been around for more than a century.However. scientists before 1.Earths plates. This all changed when.The patterns also correlated.This discovery indicated.It was also discovered that oceanic crust was.Many of these trenches.Pacific Ocean basin bordering continental.Scientists have theorized that convection currents.Earths mantle cause the movement of the plates.This lecture concludes by showing how plate tectonics.Scientists have discovered that the Earths.Continental crust.Continental crust is mainly.The age of these rocks varies from between 4.The continental crust.It is thickest under mountain ranges.The continents. are actually quite complex geologic structures.At. the center, exists a core of very old igneous and metamorphic.Along and. the margin of the basement rock are deposits of sedimentary.Together the basement.Along the edges. of the cratons are the continental margins and mountain.Rock mass is also added to the continents through.Oceanic crust is created at the mid oceanic.Oceanic. crust is relatively young age and is being created.Maximum age is. about 2.On average of oceanic crust.Mountains can be created by two processes.Some mountains owe their origin to vertical.These processes produce.Many mountains occur as.The mechanism responsible for mountain.Colliding plates.The Earth. has undergone a number of mountain building periods.For example, the Himalayas began the formation of about.This orogeny is still going on.Geologists have developed a general model.This model suggests.The first. stage involves the accumulation of sediments.In the. second stage, tectonic collision causes rock deformation.In the final stage, isostatic rebound.The Earths crust shows evidence that.This deformation has created a variety.A fold can be defined.Folds occur when the stress applied to rock does not.These bends are most obvious in sedimentary.The simplest types of folds.A recumbent. fold is a more complex type of fold where one limb.Faults form when the.This condition causes the rock to rupture along a fault.A number of. fault types are defined including normal, reverse.An earthquake is a sudden vibration of.It is caused by the.Most. earthquakes are the result of rock moving because of.The Earth. experiences about 1.But most of these events are just strong enough to.Earthquakes. energy is transmitted to surround rock by seismic waves.Geologists have discovered that seismic motions actual.P waves S waves. P waves by expansion and contraction.S waves movement of rock perpendicular to the direction.Surface waves produce a rolling or swaying motion.The strength of earthquakes is usually.Richter scale. This scale.Earthquakes cause considerable damage.However, the level.The level of damage can be influence.Earthquakes can also trigger.This includes mass.Volcanoes are openings on the Earth that.Most of the. Earths volcanoes are located at or near tectonic subduction.Some volcanoes are.Geologists have. classified volcanoes into five different types.This. classification is based on geomorphic form, magma chemistry.The various. types include basalt plateau volcanoes, shield volcanoes.The Earths terrestrial surface or continents.All of. the continents have the same construction.In their. center is a nucleus very old rock basement rock that.The exposed top of this feature is called shield.Large areas of basement rock are covered by relative.Together. the platform and basement rock form a craton.Some. continental masses have several cratons that are separated.Most of the continental.Mountain belts are formed when tectonic forces squish.This squishing process causes the sedimentary layers.Between the mountain belts and the.Much of this. continental surface is located below sea level.The. continental margin is made up three distinct landform.The other major topographic feature of.Earth is the ocean basins.The ocean basins are.Oceanic crust is returned to the mantle at the.The ocean basins are not featureless.Some of features.Geologists and geomorphologists recognize four basic.Landforms and the geomorphic processes that create.Not only do the actions.Weathering is the breakdown and alteration.Earths surface. The end products of weathering are the breakdown of.The products of weathering are.Rock and mineral weathering.Physical weathering involves.Processes that can result in physical.Chemical weathering results from the chemical alteration.The most common chemical weathering. Battle City Tank 2 Free Download . Finally, biological weathering.
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